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PYTHON - Bitwise Operators

Python - Bitwise Operators

Python Bitwise Operators

Python bitwise operatorsare normally used to perform bitwise operations on integer-type objects. However, instead of treating theobjectas a whole, it is treated as a string of bits. Different operations are done on each bit in thestring.

Python has six bitwise operators - &, |, ^, ~, << and >>. All theseoperators(except ~) are binary in nature, in the sense they operate on two operands. Each operand is a binary digit (bit) 1 or 0.

The following are the bitwise operators in Python -

  • Bitwise AND Operator
  • Bitwise OR Operator
  • Bitwise XOR Operator
  • Bitwise NOT Operator
  • Bitwise Left Shift Operator
  • Biwtise Right Shift Operator

Python Bitwise AND Operator (&)

Bitwise AND operator is somewhat similar to logical and operator. It returns True only if both the bit operands are 1 (i.e. True). All the combinations are −

PYTHON CODE
0 &amp; 0 is 0
1 &amp; 0 is 0
0 &amp; 1 is 0
1 &amp; 1 is 1

When you use integers as the operands, both are converted in equivalent binary, the & operation is done on corresponding bit from each number, starting from the least significant bit and going towards most significant bit.

Example of Bitwise AND Operator in Python

Let us take two integers 60 and 13, and assign them tovariablesa and b respectively.

PYTHON CODE
a=60
b=13
print ("a:",a, "b:",b, "a&b:",a&amp;b)

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 60 b: 13 a&amp;b: 12

To understand how Python performs the operation, obtain the binary equivalent of each variable.

PYTHON CODE
print ("a:", bin(a))
print ("b:", bin(b))

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 0b111100
b: 0b1101

For the sake of convenience, use the standard 8-bit format for each number, so that “a” is 00111100 and “b” is 00001101. Let us manually perform and operation on each corresponding bits of these two numbers.

PYTHON CODE
0011 1100
&amp;
0000 1101
-------------
0000 1100

Convert the resultant binary back to integer. You’ll get 12, which was the result obtained earlier.

PYTHON CODE
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('00001100',2)
12

Python Bitwise OR Operator (|)

The ”|” symbol (calledpipe) is the bitwise OR operator. If any bit operand is 1, the result is 1 otherwise it is 0.

PYTHON CODE
0 | 0 is 0
0 | 1 is 1
1 | 0 is 1
1 | 1 is 1

Example of Bitwise OR Operator in Python

Take the same values of a=60, b=13. The ”|” operation results in 61. Obtain their binary equivalents.

PYTHON CODE
a=60
b=13
print ("a:",a, "b:",b, "a|b:",a|b)
print ("a:", bin(a))
print ("b:", bin(b))

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 60 b: 13 a|b: 61
a: 0b111100
b: 0b1101

To perform the ”|” operation manually, use the 8-bit format.

PYTHON CODE
0011 1100
    |
0000 1101
-------------
0011 1101

Convert the binary number back to integer to tally the result −

PYTHON CODE
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('00111101',2)
61

Python Bitwise XOR Operator (^)

The term XOR stands for exclusive OR. It means that the result of OR operation on two bits will be 1 if only one of the bits is 1.

PYTHON CODE
0 ^ 0 is 0
0 ^ 1 is 1
1 ^ 0 is 1
1 ^ 1 is 0

Example of Bitwise XOR Operator in Python

Let us perform XOR operation on a=60 and b=13.

PYTHON CODE
a=60
b=13
print ("a:",a, "b:",b, "a^b:",a^b)

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 60 b: 13 a^b: 49

We now perform the bitwise XOR manually.

PYTHON CODE
0011 1100
    ^
0000 1101
-------------
0011 0001

The int() function shows 00110001 to be 49.

PYTHON CODE
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('00110001',2)
49

Python Bitwise NOT Operator (~)

This operator is the binary equivalent of logical NOT operator. It flips each bit so that 1 is replaced by 0, and 0 by 1, and returns the complement of the original number. Python uses 2’s complement method. For positive integers, it is obtained simply by reversing the bits. For negative number, -x, it is written using the bit pattern for (x-1) with all of the bits complemented (switched from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1). Hence: (for 8 bit representation)

PYTHON CODE
-1 is complement(1 - 1) = complement(0) = "11111111"
-10 is complement(10 - 1) = complement(9) = complement("00001001") = "11110110".

Example of Bitwise NOT Operator in Python

For a=60, its complement is −

PYTHON CODE
a=60
print ("a:",a, "~a:", ~a)

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 60 ~a: -61

Python Bitwise Left Shift Operator (<<)

Left shift operator shifts most significant bits to right by the number on the right side of the “<<” symbol. Hence, “x << 2” causes two bits of the binary representation of to right.

`

Example of Bitwise Left Shift Operator in Python

Let us perform left shift on 60.

PYTHON CODE
a=60
print ("a:",a, "a<<2:", a&lt;&lt;2)

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 60 a&lt;&lt;2: 240

How does this take place? Let us use the binary equivalent of 60, and perform the left shift by 2.

PYTHON CODE
0011 1100
&lt;&lt;
    2
-------------
1111 0000

Convert the binary to integer. It is 240.

PYTHON CODE
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('11110000',2)
240

Python Bitwise Right Shift Operator (>>)

Right shift operator shifts least significant bits to left by the number on the right side of the ”>>” symbol. Hence, “x >> 2” causes two bits of the binary representation of to left.

Example of Bitwise Right Shift Operator in Python

Let us perform right shift on 60.

PYTHON CODE
a=60
print ("a:",a, "a>>2:", a&gt;&gt;2)

It will produce the followingoutput−

PYTHON CODE
a: 60 a&gt;&gt;2: 15

Manual right shift operation on 60 is shown below −

PYTHON CODE
0011 1100
   &gt;&gt;
   2
   -------------
   0000 1111

Use int() function to covert the above binary number to integer. It is 15.

PYTHON CODE
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('00001111',2)
15
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